{"id":89285,"date":"2023-06-06T04:23:12","date_gmt":"2023-06-06T09:53:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/?p=89285"},"modified":"2024-04-30T17:21:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T11:51:56","slug":"what-is-aws-glue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/","title":{"rendered":"What is AWS Glue and How it Works?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In today&#8217;s data-driven world, businesses often face the challenge of efficiently managing and analyzing vast amounts of data from various sources. Extracting, transforming, and loading (ETL) this data into a consistent and usable format is crucial for successful data integration.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue, a fully managed extract, transform, and load (ETL) service from Amazon Web Services (AWS), comes to the rescue by providing a seamless solution for data integration tasks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is better to take the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/aws-certified-data-analytics-specialty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Certified Data Analytics &#8211; Specialty Certification<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to leverage AWS Glue&#8217;s capabilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This blog aims to walk through the topics like what is AWS Glue, its features, best practices, use cases, and its working. By going through this article, you can completely grasp the solid foundation of the AWS exam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s dig in!<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ea7e02;color:#ea7e02\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ea7e02;color:#ea7e02\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#What_is_AWS_Glue\" >What is AWS Glue?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#Features_of_AWS_Glue\" >Features of AWS Glue<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#AWS_Glue_Working\" >AWS Glue Working<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#AWS_Glue_Use_Cases\" >AWS Glue Use Cases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#AWS_Glue_Best_practices\" >AWS Glue Best practices<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#AWS_Glue_pricing\" >AWS Glue pricing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/what-is-aws-glue\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_AWS_Glue\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is AWS Glue?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/glue\/latest\/dg\/what-is-glue.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">AWS Glue<\/a> is one of the AWS services and it is intended for analytical purposes. In general, AWS glue is termed a serverless data integration-based AWS service and it helps in analytical operations such as discovery, preparation, migration, and integration of data from varied sources. It also withholds productivity and data operations tooling options to monitor running jobs, authoring, and implementation of organization workflows.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With AWS Glue, the varied data sources and data management can be done in a centralized data catalog. And thus you are able to create, run, extract, transform, and load pipelines to upload the data into the data lakes. The data can be searched and queried from the cataloged data with the help of AWS services like Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, and Amazon Redshift Spectrum.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major data integration features are consolidated into a single service by AWS Glue. These consist of centralized cataloging, cleansing, modern ETL, and data discovery. Additionally, since it is serverless, there is no infrastructure to maintain. AWS Glue enables users across multiple workloads and types of users with adaptable assistance for all workloads including ETL, ELT, and streaming in a single service.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue also makes it simple to integrate data throughout your architecture. It is integrated with Amazon S3 data lakes and AWS analytics services. From developers to business users, AWS Glue includes integration endpoints and job-authoring tools that are simple to use and offer solutions for a range of technical skill levels.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue ETL <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The process of merging data from several sources into a sizable, central repository data warehouse is called extract, transform, and load (ETL). To organize and clean up raw data and get it ready for storage, analysis, and machine learning (ML), ETL utilizes a set of business rules.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Features_of_AWS_Glue\"><\/span><strong>Features of AWS Glue<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The features that make up AWS Glue include:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>AWS Glue Data Catalog:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> You may catalog data assets and make them accessible across all AWS analytics services using the AWS Glue Data Catalog.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>AWS Glue crawler: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perform data discovery on data sources using AWS Glue crawler.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Glue tasks on AWS:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Employ either Python or Scala to carry out the ETL in the pipeline you have created. For ETL tasks, Python programs employ an extension of the PySpark Python dialect.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through the usage of services like AWS Glue DataBrew and AWS Glue Studio, users can also interact with AWS Glue through a graphical user interface. By doing this, the service becomes more usable for complicated tasks like data processing which do not require highly developed technical abilities like code production or editing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You only have to pay for the resources you really utilize with AWS Glue. There are no minimum fees. The service is one of many ETL tools provided by AWS, and it can be used in conjunction with other tools like Amazon EMR Serverless.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AWS_Glue_Working\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue Working<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ETL (extract, transform, and load) jobs are orchestrated by AWS Glue using other AWS services to create output streams and construct data lakes and warehouses. To modify your data, produce runtime logs, save the task&#8217;s logic, and produce alerts to help you keep track of your task runs, AWS Glue uses API activities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-89356 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/AWS-GLUE-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"aws-glue\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/AWS-GLUE-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/AWS-GLUE-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/AWS-GLUE-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/AWS-GLUE-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/AWS-GLUE-150x84.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/AWS-GLUE.webp 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These services are linked together into an automated application by the AWS Glue dashboard, allowing you to concentrate on designing and overseeing your ETL operations. The console manages your administration and job development tasks. If you want to access the information from the data sources by the\u00a0 AWS Glue and publish it to data targets, it is essential to supply it with credentials and other attributes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The resources needed to run the job are provisioned and managed by AWS Glue. AWS Glue runs the workload on an instance from a pool of resources when resources are needed to minimize startup time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One can construct jobs using AWS Glue by using the table definitions in the Data Catalog. Jobs are made up of scripts that include the coding logic necessary to carry out the transformation. Triggers are used to start jobs either automatically or in response to a predetermined event. It is possible to choose which source data fills the target and where the target data is stored.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue creates the necessary code to move the data from source to target based on the information you provide. To process your data, you can also include scripts through the AWS Glue console or API.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AWS_Glue_Use_Cases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue Use Cases<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following are the main data processing tasks that Glue carries out to arrange enterprise data:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Extraction of data:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Data is extracted by Glue in a range of formats.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transformation of data:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Data is formatted for storage by glue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Integration of data:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Enterprise data lakes or warehouses may include data with the usage of AWS Glue.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is helpful for big data management companies who want to prevent data lake pollution, which occurs when an organization accumulates more data than it can use. Glue is specifically designed for companies that use serverless Apache Spark platforms to conduct ETL operations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following are some examples of popular use cases for Glue that are more detailed:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To facilitate the management of the data integration process, Glue may integrate with the Snowflake data warehouse.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glue and AWS data lake are compatible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Athena and AWS Glue can work together for the schema creation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AWS_Glue_Best_practices\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue Best practices<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>1. Using Partitions to Parallelize the Reading and Writing Operations<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While processing the data by the AWS Glue, the partition process will be carried out. Partition involves dividing the data into parts and thus reading and writing operations will be done in a parallelized manner. It can better result in the reduction of cost and improved performance. While creating partitions, the data size, partition required and system load must be justified.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>2. Improved Performance and Compression With the usage of Columnar File Formats\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A sort of file format that is suited for column-oriented data repositories is called a columnar file format. These formats offer higher performance and compression, and that&#8217;s why they are frequently employed in data warehouses and analytics applications. Consider the amount of your data, the number of columns, and the available compression codecs when utilizing columnar file types with AWS Glue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>3. Optimization of data layout<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Performance can be significantly impacted by data layout. When building a layout, the quantity of the data, the number of columns, the storage type, and various versions of the data should all be taken into account.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container \" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe title=\"AWS Glue | AWS Certified Data Analytics Specialty Exam Preparation | AWS Training | Whizlabs\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yDjsjdvUaS8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>4. Usage of Interactive Sessions for Jupyter<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For Jupyter notebooks and Jupyter-based IDEs, interactive sessions offer a highly scalable, serverless Spark backend, enabling effective interactive job creation with AWS Glue. It is simple and affordable to use interactive sessions because there are no clusters to deploy or manage, no inactive clusters to purchase, and no upfront configuration necessities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You may dramatically increase the effectiveness of your AWS Glue development and reduce costs by using interactive sessions for Jupyter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>5. Improved AWS Glue Auto Scaling<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In order to increase efficiency and speed while lowering costs, auto-scaling enables you to expand AWS Glue Spark jobs automatically depending on the dynamically estimated requirements during job runs. When working with enormous and erratic amounts of data on the cloud, this is particularly beneficial.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This eliminates the requirement for manual capacity planning ahead of time or data experimentation to figure out how much capacity is needed. Instead, you only need to indicate the maximum number of workers needed, and AWS Glue will dynamically assign resources depending on workload requirements while the task is running, adding new worker units to the cluster in almost real-time as Spark requires more executors.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>6. Focusing on Incremental Change\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When doing any alterations to the Amazon S3, the staged commits were used instead of going for large commits. Staged commits can permit to do the changes in small batches with the intention of failure reduction and rollbacks. This kind of approach can be largely helpful when you are just starting with AWS Glue.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AWS_Glue_pricing\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue pricing<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In order to retain and access the metadata in the AWS Glue Data Catalog, AWS charges users a monthly fee. The per-second charge is also imposed with AWS Glue pricing, with either a minimum of 10 minutes or 1 minute as per the users working with AWS Glue, for the services like ETL job and crawler execution. And also charges will be imposed to get connected to a development endpoint for making interactive development.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FAQs<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>1. What type of tool is AWS Glue?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue is a serverless service used for data integration that streamlines, accelerates, and reduces the cost of data preparation. In order to load information into the data lakes, it&#8217;s possible to graphically construct, run, and analyze ETL pipelines as well as identify and connect to over 70 different types of data sources. You can also manage the data in a centralized data catalog.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>2. What are the limitations of AWS Glue?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the drawbacks of using AWS Glue such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limited compatibility<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learning curve<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relational database queries<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>3. How is AWS Glue utilized in ETL?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Users may easily prepare and load their information for analytics with a fully managed ETL solution called AWS Glue. In just a few clicks, the AWS Management Console allows you to design and execute an ETL process.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hope this article will equip you with the necessary knowledge to harness <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/glue\/latest\/dg\/how-it-works.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">AWS Glue &amp; how it works<\/a> effectively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By leveraging AWS Glue, businesses can streamline their data integration processes, accelerate data insights, and make data-driven decisions with ease. Whether it&#8217;s building data pipelines, creating data lakes, or performing complex data transformations, AWS Glue provides a comprehensive solution for organizations of all sizes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AWS Glue empowers businesses to unlock the full potential of their data, enabling them to gain actionable insights and drive innovation in today&#8217;s data-driven landscape. If you want to become familiar with AWS Glue, try to utilize <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/labs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hands-on labs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/labs\/azure-sandbox\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sandboxes <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to use it in real-time settings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have any queries on this blog post, please feel free to ping us now!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In today&#8217;s data-driven world, businesses often face the challenge of efficiently managing and analyzing vast amounts of data from various sources. Extracting, transforming, and loading (ETL) this data into a consistent and usable format is crucial for successful data integration.\u00a0 AWS Glue, a fully managed extract, transform, and load (ETL) service from Amazon Web Services (AWS), comes to the rescue by providing a seamless solution for data integration tasks. It is better to take the AWS Certified Data Analytics &#8211; Specialty Certification to leverage AWS Glue&#8217;s capabilities. This blog aims to walk through the topics like what is AWS Glue, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":89303,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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