{"id":81258,"date":"2022-02-21T23:24:54","date_gmt":"2022-02-22T04:54:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/?p=81258"},"modified":"2022-02-22T01:37:30","modified_gmt":"2022-02-22T07:07:30","slug":"nginx-tutorial-for-beginners","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/","title":{"rendered":"NGINX Tutorial for Beginners (NEW) &#8211; Learn for FREE !"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>If you are preparing for any of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/linux-certifications\/\">Linux Certification training<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/cloud-certification-training-courses\/\">Cloud computing certification training<\/a>, you will be seeing this term &#8216;Nginx&#8217; in your exam objectives. What exactly is Nginx? and What it does &#8211; We are going to explore more in this topic now.<\/p>\n<p>This Nginx tutorial for beginners, helps you to understand the features of this web-server and how to use them in Ubuntu Operating system. This can be used in any popular operating system and servers. Let&#8217;s start !<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ea7e02;color:#ea7e02\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ea7e02;color:#ea7e02\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#What_is_Nginx\" >What is Nginx?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#Installing_Nginx\" >Installing Nginx<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#Nginx_processes\" >Nginx processes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#Nginx_configurations\" >Nginx configurations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#Trying_out_Nginx\" >Trying out Nginx<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#Serving_a_custom_webpage\" >Serving a custom webpage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#Nginx_as_a_reverse_proxy\" >Nginx as a reverse proxy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/nginx-tutorial-for-beginners\/#Summary\" >Summary<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Nginx\"><\/span>What is Nginx?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nginx is one of the most widely used opensource webserver. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Web server is simply a program that uses HTTP to serve files to users as a response. Nginx is one of the most popular web-server available in the industry.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0On top of this basic use-case, Nginx has other different use cases as well such as &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adding capabilities of handling multiple domain routes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acting as a reverse proxy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Carrying out load balancing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this post, we will understand the basics of Nginx, its installation and explore different use cases.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_81301\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-81301\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-81301 size-full\" title=\"Nginx web server as Load balancer\" src=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/nginx-load-balancer.png\" alt=\"Nginx web server as Load balancer\" width=\"768\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/nginx-load-balancer.png 768w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/nginx-load-balancer-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/nginx-load-balancer-750x420.png 750w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/nginx-load-balancer-640x358.png 640w, https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/nginx-load-balancer-681x381.png 681w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-81301\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image credit: www.medium.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Installing_Nginx\"><\/span>Installing Nginx<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This tutorial is using Nginx on Ubuntu. For any other operating system installation, refer to the Nginx docs.<\/p>\n<p>The below commands update the Ubuntu OS and then install Nginx.<\/p>\n<pre>sudo apt update -y\r\nsudo apt install nginx -y<\/pre>\n<p>For different operations on Nginx such as start, restart, reload, etc &#8211; refer to the below commands.<\/p>\n<pre>sudo systemctl status nginx\r\nsudo systemctl start nginx\r\nsudo systemctl stop nginx\r\nsudo systemctl restart nginx\r\nsudo systemctl reload nginx<\/pre>\n<p>That&#8217;s all the commands that you need to know to get started with Nginx.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nginx_processes\"><\/span>Nginx processes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nginx works by spawning multiple processes of two kinds i.e. Master process &amp; Worker process.<\/p>\n<p>The master process is responsible for reading &amp; taking actions according to the configuration file. It also creates &amp; manages the worker processes.<\/p>\n<p>The worker process is responsible for handling the server requests and replying with responses.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nginx_configurations\"><\/span>Nginx configurations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nginx configuration file can be viewed at \/etc\/nginx\/nginx.conf in Ubuntu.<\/p>\n<p>The most important part of using Nginx is about understanding the different configurations on the Nginx configuration file. The most important ones have been explained below.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The user directive specifies the user by which the worker processes would be spun up.\n<pre class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">user www-data;<\/span><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>The worker_processes directive specifies the no. of worker process that the master process needs to create &amp; manage. If set to &#8220;auto&#8221;, the master process would create\/delete worker processes according to load.\n<pre class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">worker_processes auto;<\/span><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>The pid directive specified the location of a file that has the Nginx process id.\n<pre class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">pid \/run\/nginx.pid;<\/span><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">The access_log directive specifies the location of the nginx logs.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<pre>http {\r\n    access_log \/var\/log\/nginx\/access.log;\r\n}<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>The error_log directive specifies the location of the nginx error logs.\n<pre><span class=\"s1\">http {\r\n<\/span>  \u00a0 error_log \/var\/log\/nginx\/error.log;\r\n}<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>The multiple include directive specifies additional files that need to be loaded as configurations.\n<pre class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">include \/etc\/nginx\/modules-enabled\/*.conf;\r\n\r\n<\/span>http {\r\n<span class=\"s1\">   include \/etc\/nginx\/mime.types;\r\n<\/span><span class=\"s1\">   include \/etc\/nginx\/conf.d\/*.conf;\r\n<\/span>   include \/etc\/nginx\/sites-enabled\/*;\r\n}<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Trying_out_Nginx\"><\/span>Trying out Nginx<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s try out Nginx now!<\/p>\n<p>By default, Nginx listens on port 80 and serves a basic HTML page. Try it out &#8211;<\/p>\n<pre class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">curl http:\/\/localhost:80<\/span>\r\n\r\n&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\r\n&lt;html&gt;\r\n&lt;head&gt;\r\n&lt;title&gt;Welcome to nginx!&lt;\/title&gt;\r\n&lt;style&gt;\r\nbody {\r\nwidth: 35em;\r\nmargin: 0 auto;\r\nfont-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n&lt;\/style&gt;\r\n&lt;\/head&gt;\r\n&lt;body&gt;\r\n&lt;h1&gt;Welcome to nginx!&lt;\/h1&gt;\r\n&lt;p&gt;If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and\r\nworking. Further configuration is required.&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;For online documentation and support please refer to\r\n&lt;a href=\"http:\/\/nginx.org\/\"&gt;nginx.org&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;br\/&gt;\r\nCommercial support is available at\r\n&lt;a href=\"http:\/\/nginx.com\/\"&gt;nginx.com&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Thank you for using nginx.&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n&lt;\/body&gt;\r\n&lt;\/html&gt;<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s try to serve our own HTML page using Nginx now. This will help in developing an understanding of Nginx server configurations.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Serving_a_custom_webpage\"><\/span>Serving a custom webpage<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s first create our webpage at <span class=\"s1\">\/usr\/share\/nginx\/html\/index.html &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<pre>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\r\n&lt;html&gt;\r\n&lt;head&gt;\r\n&lt;title&gt;Custom webpage using Nginx&lt;\/title&gt;\r\n&lt;\/head&gt;\r\n&lt;body&gt;\r\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Custom webpage using Nginx&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n&lt;\/body&gt;\r\n&lt;\/html&gt;<\/pre>\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s add the server configurations at <span class=\"s1\">\/etc\/nginx\/conf.d\/default.conf &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<pre>server {\r\n\u00a0 listen 80;\r\n\u00a0 server_name localhost;\r\n\r\n\u00a0 location \/ {\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 root \/usr\/share\/nginx\/html;\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 index index.html index.htm; \r\n\u00a0 }\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p>Here, the &#8220;location \/&#8221; means that whenever a request comes to the &#8220;\/&#8221; path on address &#8216;localhost&#8217; on port &#8217;80&#8217;, Nginx serves index.html from \/usr\/share\/nginx\/html.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s a good practice to verify the Nginx configuration before applying the change. In order to do that &#8211;<\/p>\n<pre>sudo nginx -t\r\n\r\n<span class=\"s1\">nginx: the configuration file \/etc\/nginx\/nginx.conf syntax is ok\r\n<\/span><span class=\"s1\">nginx: configuration file \/etc\/nginx\/nginx.conf test is successful<\/span><\/pre>\n<p>After this, it is safe to reload Nginx with the new configurations &#8211;<\/p>\n<pre>sudo systemctl reload nginx<\/pre>\n<p>Now, try out &#8211;<\/p>\n<pre>curl http:\/\/localhost:80\r\n\r\n&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\r\n&lt;html&gt;\r\n&lt;head&gt;\r\n&lt;title&gt;Custom webpage using Nginx&lt;\/title&gt;\r\n&lt;\/head&gt;\r\n&lt;body&gt;\r\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Custom webpage using Nginx&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n&lt;\/body&gt;\r\n&lt;\/html&gt;<\/pre>\n<p>It&#8217;s that easy!<\/p>\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s try a popular Nginx use case in which the Nginx server is used as a reverse proxy for backend servers.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nginx_as_a_reverse_proxy\"><\/span>Nginx as a reverse proxy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When NGINX proxies a request, it sends the request to a specified proxied server, fetches the response, and sends it back to the client.<\/p>\n<p>In this guide, we will make use of two servers &#8211; backend 1 as the proxy server and backend 2 as the server sending the response.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s configure backend 2 first.<\/p>\n<p>Its configuration would be similar to setting up a simple static webpage, like above.<\/p>\n<p>Create an index.html file at <span class=\"s1\">\/usr\/share\/nginx\/html\/index.html<\/span><\/p>\n<pre>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\r\n&lt;html&gt;\r\n&lt;head&gt;\r\n&lt;title&gt;backend 2&lt;\/title&gt;\r\n&lt;\/head&gt;\r\n&lt;body&gt;\r\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is backend 2&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n&lt;\/body&gt;\r\n&lt;\/html&gt;<\/pre>\n<p>Modify the Nginx configuration file at <span class=\"s1\">\/etc\/nginx\/conf.d\/default.conf<\/span><\/p>\n<pre>server {\r\n\u00a0 listen 80;\r\n\u00a0 server_name 3.93.215.182;\r\n\r\n\u00a0 location \/ {\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0root \/usr\/share\/nginx\/html;\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0index index.html index.htm; \r\n\u00a0 }\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p>Here the IP address is that of the backend 2 servers. We cannot use &#8216;localhost&#8217; here, since the backend 1 server is going to use the IP address to proxy requests to backend 2.<\/p>\n<p>Verify the changes and reload the configuration<\/p>\n<pre>sudo nginx -t\r\nsudo systemctl reload nginx<\/pre>\n<p>Try it out<\/p>\n<pre>curl http:\/\/3.93.215.182:80\/<\/pre>\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s configure the backend 1 server as the proxy. SSH into backend 1.<\/p>\n<p>Modify the nginx configuration at <span class=\"s1\">\/etc\/nginx\/conf.d\/default.conf<\/span><\/p>\n<pre>server {\r\n\u00a0 listen 80;\r\n\u00a0 server_name 3.93.215.182;\r\n\r\n\u00a0 location \/ {\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0proxy_pass http:\/\/3.93.215.182:80\/\r\n\u00a0 }\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p>To pass a request to an HTTP proxied server, the\u00a0proxy_pass\u00a0directive is specified inside a\u00a0location.<\/p>\n<p>Verify the changes and reload the configuration<\/p>\n<pre>sudo nginx -t\r\nsudo systemctl reload nginx<\/pre>\n<p>Try it out<\/p>\n<pre>curl http:\/\/localhost:80\/<\/pre>\n<p>You should see the response coming from backend 2.<\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s it. Backend 1 is serving as a proxy for requests to backend 2.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary\"><\/span>Summary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Hope you have enjoyed the Nginx tutorial for beginners. In this post, we have covered the basic use cases of Nginx. Nginx is used for a variety of other use cases as well. By trying these sample codes, you can master Nginx webserver. Enjoy trying out Nginx which is primarily designed for web serving, caching, load balancing, reverse proxying etc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you are preparing for any of the Linux Certification training, or Cloud computing certification training, you will be seeing this term &#8216;Nginx&#8217; in your exam objectives. What exactly is Nginx? and What it does &#8211; We are going to explore more in this topic now. This Nginx tutorial for beginners, helps you to understand the features of this web-server and how to use them in Ubuntu Operating system. This can be used in any popular operating system and servers. Let&#8217;s start ! What is Nginx? Nginx is one of the most widely used opensource webserver. A Web server is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":357,"featured_media":81317,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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Khandelwal","author_link":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/author\/shishir-khandelwal\/"},"uagb_comment_info":4,"uagb_excerpt":"If you are preparing for any of the Linux Certification training, or Cloud computing certification training, you will be seeing this term &#8216;Nginx&#8217; in your exam objectives. What exactly is Nginx? and What it does &#8211; We are going to explore more in this topic now. This Nginx tutorial for beginners, helps you to understand&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/357"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81258"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81258\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":81305,"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81258\/revisions\/81305"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=81258"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.whizlabs.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=81258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}